Screening for Hepatitis B (HBV) infection in pregnant women provides substantial benefit, reaffirms the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in their recommendation statement released last month. This determination follows their review of new evidence on the benefits and risks of screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Serologic testing accurately identifies HBV infection and, in turn, women whose infants are at risk of perinatal transmission. Interventions provided to HBV-positive pregnant women are effective in preventing perinatal transmission of HBV and the subsequent development of chronic HBV infection.
HBV Significance:
HBV is a leading cause of death worldwide. Chronic HBV infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, often leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission is an integral part of global efforts to mitigate the burden of chronic HBV since vertical transmission is responsible for approximately one-half of chronic infections globally.
An estimated 24,000 infants are born each year to women in the United States infected with HBV.
Although there are guidelines for universal infant HBV vaccination, rates of maternal HBV infection have increased annually by 5.5 percent since 1998. Without postexposure immunoprophylaxis, approximately 40 percent of infants born to HBV-infected mothers in the United States will develop chronic HBV infection, approximately one-fourth of whom will eventually die from chronic liver disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
HBsAg Testing Saves Lives:
The CDC has recommended routine prenatal screening for hepatitis B infection since 1988. The principal screening test for detecting maternal HBV infection is the serologic identification of HBsAg. Immunoassays for detecting HBsAg have a reported sensitivity and specificity greater than 98 percent.
Prevent perinatal HBV transmission by identifying HBV-infected pregnant women via HBsAg testing and provide targeted HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG) and vaccination postdelivery for infants born to HBsAg–positive mothers.
USPSTF Reviews Substantial Evidence:
To reaffirm its 2009 recommendation on HBV screening in pregnant women, the USPSTF commissioned a reaffirmation evidence update to identify substantial new evidence sufficient enough to change the prior recommendation.
In the United States, the standard intervention for all HBV-positive pregnant women is case management. Thus, USPSTF’s evidence review focused on the benefits and risks of screening and the effectiveness and potential harms of case management in the prevention of perinatal transmission.
The net benefit of screening continues to be well established. Mounting evidence proves that serologic testing for HBsAg accurately identifies HBV infection and interventions are successful in preventing perinatal transmission. In fact, studies showed a decrease in perinatal transmission among women and infants enrolled in case management.
Source: https://www.aapc.com/blog/48069-hbsag-screening-in-pregnant-women/